cka-sim/tracks/cka/questions.py

"""
CKA track for the exam simulator.

TRACK  - metadata (name, duration, pass mark, domain table)
QUESTIONS - list of tasks. Each task:
  id, domain, title, task (markdown shown to candidate),
  setup   : bash that seeds the scenario
  checks  : list of (name, points, bash) - each check is graded independently
            (exit 0 = pass). Points earned = sum of passing checks, so partial
            credit works the way it does on the real exam.
  disruptive: True => setup runs last, after everything else is scheduled.

Scripts get a prelude: $K (kubectl), $WS (workspace), $CP/$W1/$W2/$W3 (node
names), nx NODE 'cmd' (run a command on a node). {WS}, {CP}, {W2}, {W3},
{SHELL_CP} etc. are substituted in task text.
"""

TRACK = {
    "id": "cka",
    "name": "Certified Kubernetes Administrator",
    "minutes": 120,
    "pass_pct": 66,
    # tasks per domain drawn into a session (weights follow the exam blueprint)
    "quota":      {"ARCH": 5, "WORK": 4, "NET": 4, "STOR": 2, "TSHOOT": 5},      # 20 tasks
    "quota_hard": {"ARCH": 6, "WORK": 5, "NET": 5, "STOR": 3, "TSHOOT": 6},      # 25 tasks, hard ones preferred
    # fixed simulator sets (./exam sim c|d) - excluded from random sampling. Sets A and B were
    # retired on 2026-09-22; their last (fixed, verified) versions are in git history.
    "sets": {"c": "Simulator Set C", "d": "Simulator Set D (killer.sh-style)"},
    "domains": {
        "ARCH":   "Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration (25%)",
        "WORK":   "Workloads & Scheduling (15%)",
        "NET":    "Services & Networking (20%)",
        "STOR":   "Storage (10%)",
        "TSHOOT": "Troubleshooting (30%)",
    },
}

from tracks.cka.common import C, NS

QUESTIONS = [
# ================================================================ ARCH ====
{
 "id": 1, "domain": "ARCH", "title": "RBAC for a deployment bot",
 "task": """
Namespace `rbac-app` already exists.

1. Create a ServiceAccount `deploy-bot` in namespace `rbac-app`.
2. Create a Role `deploy-manager` in `rbac-app` that grants
   get, list, watch, create, update, patch, delete on **deployments** (apps API group) only.
3. Bind it to the ServiceAccount with a RoleBinding named `deploy-bot-binding`.

The ServiceAccount must NOT be able to delete pods, and must have no access
outside the `rbac-app` namespace. Verify with `kubectl auth can-i`.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns rbac-app
$K -n rbac-app delete sa deploy-bot --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
$K -n rbac-app delete role deploy-manager --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
$K -n rbac-app delete rolebinding deploy-bot-binding --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("ServiceAccount rbac-app/deploy-bot exists", 1, r"""$K -n rbac-app get sa deploy-bot >/dev/null 2>&1"""),
  C("Role deploy-manager and RoleBinding deploy-bot-binding exist", 1,
    r"""$K -n rbac-app get role deploy-manager >/dev/null 2>&1 && $K -n rbac-app get rolebinding deploy-bot-binding >/dev/null 2>&1"""),
  C("deploy-bot can get/list/watch/create/update/patch/delete deployments", 2, r"""
for v in get list watch create update patch delete; do
  [ "$($K auth can-i $v deployments -n rbac-app --as=system:serviceaccount:rbac-app:deploy-bot 2>/dev/null)" = yes ] || exit 1
done"""),
  C("deploy-bot cannot delete pods", 1, r"""[ "$($K auth can-i delete pods -n rbac-app --as=system:serviceaccount:rbac-app:deploy-bot 2>/dev/null || true)" = no ]"""),
  C("deploy-bot has no access in namespace default", 1, r"""[ "$($K auth can-i create deployments -n default --as=system:serviceaccount:rbac-app:deploy-bot 2>/dev/null || true)" = no ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 2, "domain": "ARCH", "title": "etcd snapshot",
 "task": """
Create a snapshot of the cluster's etcd database and save it on the
**control-plane node** at `/opt/cka/etcd-snapshot.db`.

Details you need:
- etcd listens on `https://127.0.0.1:2379`
- certificates are under `/etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/` (`ca.crt`, `server.crt`, `server.key`)
- "ssh to the control-plane node" is: `{SHELL_CP}`
- `etcdctl` and `etcdutl` are installed on that node, in `/usr/local/bin`

Verify the snapshot with `etcdutl snapshot status` (or `etcdctl snapshot status`).
""",
 "setup": r"""
nx "$CP" 'mkdir -p /opt/cka; rm -f /opt/cka/etcd-snapshot.db'
ensure_etcd_tools || { echo "no etcdctl/etcdutl on $CP - fix with ./etcd-tools.sh, then re-seed"; exit 1; }
""",
 "checks": [
  C("/opt/cka/etcd-snapshot.db exists on the control-plane node", 3, r"""nx "$CP" 'test -f /opt/cka/etcd-snapshot.db'"""),
  C("snapshot is a real etcd backup (> 100 KB)", 4, r"""[ "$(nx "$CP" 'stat -c %s /opt/cka/etcd-snapshot.db' 2>/dev/null || echo 0)" -gt 100000 ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 3, "domain": "ARCH", "title": "Kustomize overlay",
 "task": """
A Kustomize base lives in `{WS}/q03/base` (Deployment `store-api` + Service `store-api`).

Create a production overlay at `{WS}/q03/overlays/prod` that:
- deploys everything into namespace `store-prod` (create the Namespace as part of the overlay),
- adds the common label `env=prod` to all resources,
- sets the `store-api` Deployment to **3** replicas.

Apply it with `kubectl apply -k`.
""",
 "setup": r"""
rm -rf "$WS/q03"; mkdir -p "$WS/q03/base"
cat > "$WS/q03/base/kustomization.yaml" <<'EOF'
apiVersion: kustomize.config.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Kustomization
resources:
  - deployment.yaml
  - service.yaml
EOF
cat > "$WS/q03/base/deployment.yaml" <<'EOF'
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: store-api
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: store-api
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: store-api
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: api
          image: nginx:1.25
          ports:
            - containerPort: 80
EOF
cat > "$WS/q03/base/service.yaml" <<'EOF'
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: store-api
spec:
  selector:
    app: store-api
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 80
EOF
$K delete ns store-prod --ignore-not-found --wait=false >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("overlay kustomization.yaml exists", 1, r"""[ -f "$WS/q03/overlays/prod/kustomization.yaml" ]"""),
  C("resources deployed into namespace store-prod", 1, r"""$K -n store-prod get deploy store-api >/dev/null 2>&1 && $K -n store-prod get svc store-api >/dev/null 2>&1"""),
  C("store-api has 3 replicas", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n store-prod get deploy store-api -o jsonpath='{.spec.replicas}')" = 3 ]"""),
  C("Deployment and Service carry label env=prod", 2, r"""[ "$($K -n store-prod get deploy store-api -o jsonpath='{.metadata.labels.env}')" = prod ] && [ "$($K -n store-prod get svc store-api -o jsonpath='{.metadata.labels.env}')" = prod ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 4, "domain": "ARCH", "title": "CustomResourceDefinition",
 "task": """
1. Create a CRD with:
   - group `data.example.com`, version `v1` (served + storage)
   - kind `Backup`, plural `backups`, singular `backup`, shortName `bk`
   - scope `Namespaced`
   - an OpenAPI v3 schema where `spec` has string fields `schedule` and `target`
2. Create a `Backup` named `nightly` in namespace `default` with
   `spec.schedule: "0 2 * * *"` and `spec.target: "s3://backups/prod"`.

`kubectl get bk` must list it.
""",
 "setup": r"""$K delete crd backups.data.example.com --ignore-not-found >/dev/null""",
 "checks": [
  C("CRD backups.data.example.com exists and is Namespaced", 1, r"""[ "$($K get crd backups.data.example.com -o jsonpath='{.spec.scope}' 2>/dev/null)" = Namespaced ]"""),
  C("shortName bk works", 1, r"""$K get crd backups.data.example.com -o jsonpath='{.spec.names.shortNames}' | grep -q '"bk"'"""),
  C("Backup nightly has the right schedule", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n default get bk nightly -o jsonpath='{.spec.schedule}' 2>/dev/null)" = "0 2 * * *" ]"""),
  C("Backup nightly has the right target", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n default get bk nightly -o jsonpath='{.spec.target}' 2>/dev/null)" = "s3://backups/prod" ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 5, "domain": "ARCH", "title": "Static pod", "breaks": ["w3-staticpath"],   # Q46 relocates W3's staticPodPath
 "task": """
Create a **static pod** named `static-web` running image `nginx:1.27`
on node `{W3}` (namespace `default`).

You must place the manifest in the kubelet's static pod path on that node.
Reach the node with: `{SHELL_W3}`
(check `/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml` for `staticPodPath`).

The mirror pod `static-web-{W3}` must reach Running.
""",
 "setup": r"""nx "$W3" 'rm -f /etc/kubernetes/manifests/static-web*.yaml' || true""",
 "checks": [
  C("manifest containing static-web is in /etc/kubernetes/manifests on the node", 2, r"""nx "$W3" 'grep -ls static-web /etc/kubernetes/manifests/*.yaml' >/dev/null 2>&1"""),
  C("mirror pod static-web-<node> is Running", 2, r"""[ "$($K -n default get pod "static-web-$W3" -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}' 2>/dev/null)" = Running ]"""),
  C("image is nginx:1.27", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n default get pod "static-web-$W3" -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].image}' 2>/dev/null)" = nginx:1.27 ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 6, "domain": "ARCH", "title": "Certificates: expiry check and user CSR",
 "task": """
Part A — On the control-plane node (`{SHELL_CP}`) determine the expiry date of the
**kube-apiserver** serving certificate (use `kubeadm certs check-expiration` or `openssl`).
Write the expiry line to `{WS}/q06/apiserver-expiry.txt` on your machine.

Part B — Onboard a new user `jane`:
1. Generate a private key and a CSR with CN=jane (openssl).
2. Create a Kubernetes `CertificateSigningRequest` named `jane`
   (signer `kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client`, usage `client auth`).
3. Approve it so a certificate is issued.
4. Create a RoleBinding `jane-view` in namespace `default` giving user `jane`
   the built-in ClusterRole `view`.
""",
 "setup": r"""
rm -rf "$WS/q06"; mkdir -p "$WS/q06"
$K delete csr jane --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
$K -n default delete rolebinding jane-view --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("apiserver-expiry.txt records the real expiry month and year", 2, r"""
[ -s "$WS/q06/apiserver-expiry.txt" ] || exit 1
exp=$(nx "$CP" 'openssl x509 -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver.crt -noout -enddate' | sed 's/notAfter=//')
yr=$(echo "$exp" | awk '{print $4}'); mon=$(echo "$exp" | awk '{print $1}')
grep -q "$yr" "$WS/q06/apiserver-expiry.txt" && grep -qi "$mon" "$WS/q06/apiserver-expiry.txt" """),
  C("CSR jane exists with signer kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client", 1, r"""[ "$($K get csr jane -o jsonpath='{.spec.signerName}' 2>/dev/null)" = kubernetes.io/kube-apiserver-client ]"""),
  C("CSR jane approved and certificate issued", 2, r"""$K get csr jane -o jsonpath='{.status.conditions[*].type}' 2>/dev/null | grep -q Approved && [ -n "$($K get csr jane -o jsonpath='{.status.certificate}')" ]"""),
  C("jane can list pods in default (view) but not delete them", 1, r"""[ "$($K auth can-i list pods -n default --as=jane 2>/dev/null || true)" = yes ] && [ "$($K auth can-i delete pods -n default --as=jane 2>/dev/null || true)" = no ]"""),
 ],
},
# ================================================================ WORK ====
{
 "id": 7, "domain": "WORK", "title": "Rolling update & scaling",
 "task": """
Deployment `web-frontend` in namespace `apps` runs `nginx:1.25` with 2 replicas.

- Update the image to `nginx:1.27`.
- Scale to **4** replicas.
- Configure the rolling update strategy: `maxSurge: 1`, `maxUnavailable: 0`.
- All 4 replicas must be available when you are done.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns apps
$K -n apps delete deploy web-frontend --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
$K apply -f - >/dev/null <<'EOF'
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: web-frontend
  namespace: apps
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels: {app: web-frontend}
  template:
    metadata:
      labels: {app: web-frontend}
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: nginx
          image: nginx:1.25
          resources:
            requests: {cpu: 50m, memory: 32Mi}
EOF
""",
 "checks": [
  C("image is nginx:1.27", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n apps get deploy web-frontend -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].image}' 2>/dev/null)" = nginx:1.27 ]"""),
  C("replicas = 4", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n apps get deploy web-frontend -o jsonpath='{.spec.replicas}' 2>/dev/null)" = 4 ]"""),
  C("strategy maxSurge=1 maxUnavailable=0", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n apps get deploy web-frontend -o jsonpath='{.spec.strategy.rollingUpdate.maxSurge}')" = 1 ] && [ "$($K -n apps get deploy web-frontend -o jsonpath='{.spec.strategy.rollingUpdate.maxUnavailable}')" = 0 ]"""),
  C("all 4 replicas available", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n apps get deploy web-frontend -o jsonpath='{.status.availableReplicas}' 2>/dev/null)" = 4 ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 8, "domain": "WORK", "title": "Multi-container pod with shared volume",
 "task": """
Create a pod `log-shipper` in namespace `apps` with two containers:

- `app` (image `busybox:1.36`): appends the current date to `/var/log/app.log` every 2 seconds.
- `shipper` (image `busybox:1.36`): runs `tail -f /var/log/app.log`.

Both containers share an `emptyDir` volume named `logs` mounted at `/var/log`.
`kubectl logs log-shipper -c shipper` must show the dates written by `app`.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns apps
$K -n apps delete pod log-shipper --ignore-not-found --wait=false >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("pod log-shipper Running with containers app and shipper", 1, r"""
p="$K -n apps get pod log-shipper"
[ "$($p -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}' 2>/dev/null)" = Running ] || exit 1
n=$($p -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[*].name}'); echo "$n" | grep -qw app && echo "$n" | grep -qw shipper"""),
  C("volume logs is an emptyDir mounted at /var/log in both containers", 2, r"""
p="$K -n apps get pod log-shipper"
[ -n "$($p -o jsonpath='{.spec.volumes[?(@.name=="logs")].emptyDir}' 2>/dev/null)" ] || exit 1
[ "$($p -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[?(@.name=="app")].volumeMounts[?(@.name=="logs")].mountPath}')" = /var/log ] || exit 1
[ "$($p -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[?(@.name=="shipper")].volumeMounts[?(@.name=="logs")].mountPath}')" = /var/log ]"""),
  C("shipper's logs show lines written by app", 1, r"""sleep 3; [ -n "$($K -n apps logs log-shipper -c shipper --tail=2 2>/dev/null)" ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 9, "domain": "WORK", "title": "Scheduling with node affinity and resources",
 "task": """
One node in the cluster is labelled `disktype=ssd`.

Create a Deployment `cache` in namespace `apps`, 2 replicas, image `redis:7-alpine`, that:
- uses **required** node affinity (`requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution`)
  so pods only run on nodes with `disktype=ssd` (do not use nodeSelector),
- sets resource requests `cpu: 100m`, `memory: 64Mi` and limits `cpu: 200m`, `memory: 128Mi`.

Both pods must be Running.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns apps
$K label node "$W3" disktype=ssd --overwrite >/dev/null
$K label node "$W1" disktype- >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
$K label node "$W2" disktype- >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
$K -n apps delete deploy cache --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("deployment cache with 2 replicas", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n apps get deploy cache -o jsonpath='{.spec.replicas}' 2>/dev/null)" = 2 ]"""),
  C("required node affinity set, no nodeSelector", 1, r"""d="$K -n apps get deploy cache"; [ -n "$($d -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution}' 2>/dev/null)" ] && [ -z "$($d -o jsonpath='{.spec.template.spec.nodeSelector}')" ]"""),
  C("requests 100m/64Mi and limits 200m/128Mi", 1, r"""
c='{.spec.template.spec.containers[0].resources'; d="$K -n apps get deploy cache"
[ "$($d -o jsonpath="$c.requests.cpu}")" = 100m ] && [ "$($d -o jsonpath="$c.requests.memory}")" = 64Mi ] && [ "$($d -o jsonpath="$c.limits.cpu}")" = 200m ] && [ "$($d -o jsonpath="$c.limits.memory}")" = 128Mi ]"""),
  C("both pods available and on the ssd node", 1, r"""
[ "$($K -n apps get deploy cache -o jsonpath='{.status.availableReplicas}')" = 2 ] || exit 1
for n in $($K -n apps get pod -l app=cache -o jsonpath='{.items[*].spec.nodeName}'); do [ "$n" = "$W3" ] || exit 1; done"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 10, "domain": "WORK", "title": "ConfigMap and Secret consumption",
 "task": """
In namespace `apps`:
1. Create ConfigMap `app-config` with keys `APP_MODE=production` and `LOG_LEVEL=debug`.
2. Create Secret `db-creds` with keys `username=admin` and `password=S3cr3t!`.
3. Create pod `config-pod` (image `busybox:1.36`, command `sleep 3600`) that:
   - exposes `APP_MODE` as an env var sourced from the ConfigMap key,
   - exposes **all** keys of `db-creds` as env vars (envFrom),
   - mounts the ConfigMap as a volume at `/etc/config`.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns apps
$K -n apps delete pod config-pod --ignore-not-found --wait=false >/dev/null
$K -n apps delete cm app-config --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
$K -n apps delete secret db-creds --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("ConfigMap app-config and Secret db-creds with correct values", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n apps get cm app-config -o jsonpath='{.data.LOG_LEVEL}' 2>/dev/null)" = debug ] && [ "$($K -n apps get secret db-creds -o jsonpath='{.data.password}' 2>/dev/null | base64 -d)" = 'S3cr3t!' ]"""),
  C("APP_MODE injected via configMapKeyRef", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n apps get pod config-pod -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}' 2>/dev/null)" = Running ] && [ -n "$($K -n apps get pod config-pod -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].env[?(@.name=="APP_MODE")].valueFrom.configMapKeyRef}')" ] && $K -n apps exec config-pod -- env 2>/dev/null | grep -q '^APP_MODE=production$'"""),
  C("all db-creds keys injected via envFrom", 1, r"""[ -n "$($K -n apps get pod config-pod -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].envFrom[*].secretRef}' 2>/dev/null)" ] && $K -n apps exec config-pod -- env 2>/dev/null | grep -q '^password=S3cr3t!$'"""),
  C("ConfigMap mounted at /etc/config", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n apps exec config-pod -- cat /etc/config/LOG_LEVEL 2>/dev/null)" = debug ]"""),
 ],
},
# ================================================================= NET ====
{
 "id": 11, "domain": "NET", "title": "NetworkPolicy",
 "task": """
Namespace `netpol` has deployments `frontend`, `backend` and `db`
(labels `app=frontend|backend|db`).

Create a NetworkPolicy `backend-policy` in `netpol` so that pods with `app=backend`
- accept ingress **only** from pods labelled `app=frontend` in the same namespace,
  on TCP port **8080**,
- reject all other ingress.

Do not restrict egress. (This cluster's kindnet enforces NetworkPolicy, so a wrong policy really
blocks traffic; you are graded on the policy spec.)
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns netpol
for a in frontend backend db; do
  $K -n netpol create deploy $a --image=nginx:1.25 --dry-run=client -o yaml | $K apply -f - >/dev/null
done
$K -n netpol delete netpol backend-policy --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("policy selects app=backend, policyTypes Ingress only", 2, r"""n="$K -n netpol get netpol backend-policy"; [ "$($n -o jsonpath='{.spec.podSelector.matchLabels.app}' 2>/dev/null)" = backend ] && $n -o jsonpath='{.spec.policyTypes}' | grep -q Ingress && ! $n -o jsonpath='{.spec.policyTypes}' | grep -q Egress"""),
  C("single ingress rule from podSelector app=frontend only", 2, r"""n="$K -n netpol get netpol backend-policy"; [ "$($n -o jsonpath='{.spec.ingress[0].from[0].podSelector.matchLabels.app}' 2>/dev/null)" = frontend ] && [ -z "$($n -o jsonpath='{.spec.ingress[1]}')" ] && [ -z "$($n -o jsonpath='{.spec.ingress[0].from[1]}')" ]"""),
  C("allowed port is TCP 8080", 2, r"""n="$K -n netpol get netpol backend-policy"; [ "$($n -o jsonpath='{.spec.ingress[0].ports[0].port}' 2>/dev/null)" = 8080 ] && { p=$($n -o jsonpath='{.spec.ingress[0].ports[0].protocol}'); [ -z "$p" ] || [ "$p" = TCP ]; }"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 12, "domain": "NET", "title": "NodePort Service",
 "task": """
Deployment `shop` (namespace `svc`) serves HTTP on container port 80.

Expose it with a Service `shop-svc` of type **NodePort**:
port 80, targetPort 80, nodePort **30080**.
The Service must have ready endpoints.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns svc
$K -n svc create deploy shop --image=nginx:1.25 --port=80 --dry-run=client -o yaml | $K apply -f - >/dev/null
$K -n svc delete svc shop-svc --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("Service shop-svc is NodePort, port 80 -> targetPort 80", 1, r"""s="$K -n svc get svc shop-svc"; [ "$($s -o jsonpath='{.spec.type}' 2>/dev/null)" = NodePort ] && [ "$($s -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[0].port}')" = 80 ] && [ "$($s -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[0].targetPort}')" = 80 ]"""),
  C("nodePort is 30080", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n svc get svc shop-svc -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[0].nodePort}' 2>/dev/null)" = 30080 ]"""),
  C("Service has endpoints", 2, r"""[ -n "$($K -n svc get endpointslices -l kubernetes.io/service-name=shop-svc -o jsonpath='{.items[*].endpoints[*].addresses[*]}' 2>/dev/null)" ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 13, "domain": "NET", "title": "Ingress routing",
 "task": """
Namespace `ingress-app` has Services `web` (port 80) and `api` (port 8080).

Create an Ingress `app-ingress` in `ingress-app`:
- `ingressClassName: nginx`
- host `shop.example.com`
- path `/api` (Prefix) -> service `api` port 8080
- path `/`    (Prefix) -> service `web` port 80

(No ingress controller is installed; you are graded on the object.)
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns ingress-app
$K -n ingress-app create deploy web --image=nginx:1.25 --port=80 --dry-run=client -o yaml | $K apply -f - >/dev/null
$K -n ingress-app create deploy api --image=nginx:1.25 --port=80 --dry-run=client -o yaml | $K apply -f - >/dev/null
$K -n ingress-app expose deploy web --port=80 --dry-run=client -o yaml | $K apply -f - >/dev/null
$K -n ingress-app expose deploy api --port=8080 --target-port=80 --dry-run=client -o yaml | $K apply -f - >/dev/null
$K -n ingress-app delete ingress app-ingress --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("ingressClassName nginx and host shop.example.com", 1, r"""i="$K -n ingress-app get ingress app-ingress"; [ "$($i -o jsonpath='{.spec.ingressClassName}' 2>/dev/null)" = nginx ] && [ "$($i -o jsonpath='{.spec.rules[0].host}')" = shop.example.com ]"""),
  C("/api (Prefix) -> api:8080", 2, r"""i="$K -n ingress-app get ingress app-ingress"; P='{.spec.rules[0].http.paths[?(@.path=="/api")]'; [ "$($i -o jsonpath="$P.backend.service.name}" 2>/dev/null)" = api ] && [ "$($i -o jsonpath="$P.backend.service.port.number}")" = 8080 ] && [ "$($i -o jsonpath="$P.pathType}")" = Prefix ]"""),
  C("/ (Prefix) -> web:80", 2, r"""i="$K -n ingress-app get ingress app-ingress"; P='{.spec.rules[0].http.paths[?(@.path=="/")]'; [ "$($i -o jsonpath="$P.backend.service.name}" 2>/dev/null)" = web ] && [ "$($i -o jsonpath="$P.backend.service.port.number}")" = 80 ] && [ "$($i -o jsonpath="$P.pathType}")" = Prefix ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 14, "domain": "NET", "title": "Cluster DNS",
 "task": """
Service `hello` exists in namespace `dns-check`.

1. Run a pod `dns-test` (image `busybox:1.36`) in namespace `dns-check`.
2. From inside it, resolve the Service using its **fully-qualified** DNS name.
3. Save the FQDN you used (one line) to `{WS}/q14/svc-fqdn.txt`.
4. Save the full `nslookup` output to `{WS}/q14/nslookup.txt`.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns dns-check
rm -rf "$WS/q14"; mkdir -p "$WS/q14"
$K -n dns-check create deploy hello --image=nginx:1.25 --port=80 --dry-run=client -o yaml | $K apply -f - >/dev/null
$K -n dns-check expose deploy hello --port=80 --dry-run=client -o yaml | $K apply -f - >/dev/null
$K -n dns-check delete pod dns-test --ignore-not-found --wait=false >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("pod dns-test exists in dns-check", 1, r"""$K -n dns-check get pod dns-test >/dev/null 2>&1"""),
  C("svc-fqdn.txt contains hello.dns-check.svc.cluster.local", 2, r"""grep -qx 'hello.dns-check.svc.cluster.local\.\?' "$WS/q14/svc-fqdn.txt" 2>/dev/null"""),
  C("nslookup.txt contains the service ClusterIP", 1, r"""ip=$($K -n dns-check get svc hello -o jsonpath='{.spec.clusterIP}'); grep -q "$ip" "$WS/q14/nslookup.txt" 2>/dev/null"""),
 ],
},
# ================================================================ STOR ====
{
 "id": 15, "domain": "STOR", "title": "PersistentVolume, claim and pod",
 "task": """
1. Create a PersistentVolume `pv-data`: 1Gi, `hostPath` `/mnt/data`,
   accessMode `ReadWriteOnce`, `storageClassName: manual`, reclaim policy `Retain`.
2. Create a PersistentVolumeClaim `pvc-data` in namespace `storage` requesting 500Mi
   with `storageClassName: manual` so it binds to `pv-data`.
3. Create pod `data-pod` (image `nginx:1.25`) in `storage` mounting the claim at `/usr/share/data`.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns storage
$K -n storage delete pod data-pod --ignore-not-found --wait=false >/dev/null
$K -n storage delete pvc pvc-data --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
$K delete pv pv-data --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("PV pv-data: 1Gi hostPath /mnt/data, RWO, Retain, class manual", 2, r"""
pv="$K get pv pv-data"
[ "$($pv -o jsonpath='{.spec.capacity.storage}' 2>/dev/null)" = 1Gi ] && [ "$($pv -o jsonpath='{.spec.hostPath.path}')" = /mnt/data ] && [ "$($pv -o jsonpath='{.spec.persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy}')" = Retain ] && [ "$($pv -o jsonpath='{.spec.storageClassName}')" = manual ] && $pv -o jsonpath='{.spec.accessModes}' | grep -q ReadWriteOnce"""),
  C("PVC pvc-data Bound to pv-data", 2, r"""[ "$($K -n storage get pvc pvc-data -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}' 2>/dev/null)" = Bound ] && [ "$($K -n storage get pvc pvc-data -o jsonpath='{.spec.volumeName}')" = pv-data ]"""),
  C("data-pod Running with claim mounted at /usr/share/data", 2, r"""[ "$($K -n storage get pod data-pod -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}' 2>/dev/null)" = Running ] && [ -n "$($K -n storage get pod data-pod -o jsonpath='{.spec.volumes[?(@.persistentVolumeClaim.claimName=="pvc-data")].name}')" ] && $K -n storage get pod data-pod -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].volumeMounts[*].mountPath}' | grep -q /usr/share/data"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 16, "domain": "STOR", "title": "Default StorageClass and dynamic provisioning",
 "task": """
1. Create a StorageClass `fast-local`:
   provisioner `rancher.io/local-path`, `volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer`,
   `reclaimPolicy: Delete`.
2. Make `fast-local` the **default** StorageClass and ensure the existing
   `standard` class is no longer default.
3. Create PVC `fast-claim` (200Mi, RWO) in namespace `storage` **without** specifying a storageClassName.
4. Create pod `fast-pod` (image `nginx:1.25`) in `storage` that mounts `fast-claim` at `/data`.
   The claim must end up Bound.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns storage
$K -n storage delete pod fast-pod --ignore-not-found --wait=false >/dev/null
$K -n storage delete pvc fast-claim --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
$K delete sc fast-local --ignore-not-found >/dev/null
$K annotate sc standard storageclass.kubernetes.io/is-default-class=true --overwrite >/dev/null
""",
 "checks": [
  C("StorageClass fast-local: local-path, WaitForFirstConsumer, Delete", 1, r"""sc="$K get sc fast-local"; [ "$($sc -o jsonpath='{.provisioner}' 2>/dev/null)" = rancher.io/local-path ] && [ "$($sc -o jsonpath='{.volumeBindingMode}')" = WaitForFirstConsumer ] && [ "$($sc -o jsonpath='{.reclaimPolicy}')" = Delete ]"""),
  C("fast-local is default and standard is not", 2, r"""[ "$($K get sc fast-local -o jsonpath='{.metadata.annotations.storageclass\.kubernetes\.io/is-default-class}' 2>/dev/null)" = true ] && [ "$($K get sc standard -o jsonpath='{.metadata.annotations.storageclass\.kubernetes\.io/is-default-class}')" != true ]"""),
  C("fast-claim picked up fast-local and is Bound", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n storage get pvc fast-claim -o jsonpath='{.spec.storageClassName}' 2>/dev/null)" = fast-local ] && [ "$($K -n storage get pvc fast-claim -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}')" = Bound ]"""),
  C("fast-pod Running with claim at /data", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n storage get pod fast-pod -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}' 2>/dev/null)" = Running ] && $K -n storage get pod fast-pod -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].volumeMounts[*].mountPath}' | grep -qw /data"""),
 ],
},
# ============================================================== TSHOOT ====
{
 "id": 17, "domain": "TSHOOT", "breaks": "w2-kubelet", "title": "Node NotReady", "disruptive": True,
 "task": """
Node `{W2}` is `NotReady`.

Investigate and fix it so the node returns to `Ready`. The fix must survive a
reboot of the node (i.e. the responsible service must be enabled).

Reach the node with: `{SHELL_W2}`
""",
 "setup": r"""nx "$W2" 'systemctl disable kubelet >/dev/null 2>&1; systemctl stop kubelet'""",
 "checks": [
  C("node is Ready", 4, r"""[ "$($K get node "$W2" -o jsonpath='{.status.conditions[?(@.type=="Ready")].status}' 2>/dev/null)" = True ]"""),
  C("kubelet is active", 2, r"""[ "$(nx "$W2" 'systemctl is-active kubelet')" = active ]"""),
  C("kubelet is enabled (survives reboot)", 2, r"""[ "$(nx "$W2" 'systemctl is-enabled kubelet')" = enabled ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 18, "domain": "TSHOOT", "title": "Broken deployment and service",
 "task": """
The `payments` application in namespace `troubleshoot` is down.
Users report that the Service `payments` returns no backends and the pods are not healthy.

Fix everything necessary so that:
- the `payments` Deployment has all replicas Available (the app is a plain nginx web server), and
- the `payments` Service has endpoints.

Do not delete the Deployment or the Service; fix them in place.
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns troubleshoot
$K apply -f - >/dev/null <<'EOF'
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: payments
  namespace: troubleshoot
spec:
  replicas: 2
  selector:
    matchLabels: {app: payments}
  template:
    metadata:
      labels: {app: payments}
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: payments
          image: nginx:1.99-nope
          ports: [{containerPort: 80}]
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: payments
  namespace: troubleshoot
spec:
  selector:
    app: payment
  ports:
    - port: 80
      targetPort: 8080
EOF
""",
 "checks": [
  C("all payments replicas available", 3, r"""d="$K -n troubleshoot get deploy payments"; r=$($d -o jsonpath='{.spec.replicas}' 2>/dev/null); a=$($d -o jsonpath='{.status.availableReplicas}'); [ -n "$a" ] && [ "$a" = "$r" ]"""),
  C("Service payments has endpoints (selector fixed)", 2, r"""[ -n "$($K -n troubleshoot get endpointslices -l kubernetes.io/service-name=payments -o jsonpath='{.items[*].endpoints[*].addresses[*]}' 2>/dev/null)" ]"""),
  C("Service targetPort matches container port 80", 2, r"""[ "$($K -n troubleshoot get svc payments -o jsonpath='{.spec.ports[0].targetPort}' 2>/dev/null)" = 80 ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 19, "domain": "TSHOOT", "title": "CrashLoopBackOff diagnosis",
 "task": """
Pod `crasher` in namespace `troubleshoot` keeps restarting.

1. Find out why. Save the pod's (current or previous) container logs to
   `{WS}/q19/crasher.log`.
2. Fix the pod so it stays Running. The application must keep the same name,
   namespace, image and command; it only needs the configuration it is complaining about
   (use the value `db.internal` if a value is required).
""",
 "setup": NS + r"""
mkns troubleshoot
rm -rf "$WS/q19"; mkdir -p "$WS/q19"
$K -n troubleshoot delete pod crasher --ignore-not-found --wait=true >/dev/null
$K apply -f - >/dev/null <<EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: crasher
  namespace: troubleshoot
spec:
  nodeSelector:
    kubernetes.io/hostname: $W3
  containers:
    - name: app
      image: busybox:1.36
      command: ["sh", "-c", "if [ -z \"\$DB_HOST\" ]; then echo 'FATAL: required environment variable DB_HOST is not set'; exit 1; fi; echo \"connected to \$DB_HOST\"; while true; do sleep 5; done"]
EOF
""",
 "checks": [
  C("crasher.log captured and contains the DB_HOST failure", 2, r"""grep -q DB_HOST "$WS/q19/crasher.log" 2>/dev/null"""),
  C("pod crasher Running with DB_HOST set", 3, r"""[ "$($K -n troubleshoot get pod crasher -o jsonpath='{.status.phase}' 2>/dev/null)" = Running ] && [ -n "$($K -n troubleshoot exec crasher -- sh -c 'echo $DB_HOST' 2>/dev/null)" ]"""),
  C("image unchanged (busybox:1.36)", 1, r"""[ "$($K -n troubleshoot get pod crasher -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[0].image}' 2>/dev/null)" = busybox:1.36 ]"""),
 ],
},
{
 "id": 20, "domain": "TSHOOT", "breaks": "scheduler", "title": "Control plane component failure", "disruptive": True,
 "task": """
New pods in the cluster are stuck in `Pending` and are never assigned to a node.

Find the failing control-plane component and repair it on the control-plane node
(`{SHELL_CP}`). Afterwards, newly created pods must be scheduled normally.
""",
 "setup": r"""
nx "$CP" '
f=/etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml
grep -q "^ *- kube-scheduler$" $f && sed -i "s|^\( *\)- kube-scheduler$|\1- kube-schedulerr|" $f
' || true
""",
 "checks": [
  C("kube-scheduler static pod manifest repaired", 3, r"""nx "$CP" 'grep -q "^ *- kube-scheduler$" /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml'"""),
  C("new pods get scheduled", 5, r"""
$K -n default delete pod sched-probe --ignore-not-found --wait=true >/dev/null 2>&1
$K -n default run sched-probe --image=busybox:1.36 --restart=Never -- sleep 300 >/dev/null 2>&1 || exit 1
n=""; for i in $(seq 1 30); do n=$($K -n default get pod sched-probe -o jsonpath='{.spec.nodeName}' 2>/dev/null); [ -n "$n" ] && break; sleep 2; done
$K -n default delete pod sched-probe --wait=false >/dev/null 2>&1
[ -n "$n" ]"""),
 ],
},
]

# ---- aggregate the banks: 1-20 here, 21-43 in bank_extra, 44-67 (hard) in bank_hard,
# ---- 68-85 / 86-102 in the two fixed simulator sets. Numbering is contiguous - keep it that way.
from tracks.cka import bank_extra, bank_hard, bank_sim_c, bank_sim_d
QUESTIONS = (QUESTIONS + bank_extra.QUESTIONS + bank_hard.QUESTIONS
             + bank_sim_c.QUESTIONS + bank_sim_d.QUESTIONS)
QUESTIONS.sort(key=lambda q: q["id"])
_ids = [q["id"] for q in QUESTIONS]
assert len(_ids) == len(set(_ids)), "duplicate question ids"
from tracks.cka.solutions import S as _SOL
for _q in QUESTIONS:
    _q["solution"] = (_q.get("solution") or _SOL.get(_q["id"], "")).strip()
    _q.setdefault("set", None)
_missing = [q["id"] for q in QUESTIONS if not q["solution"]]
assert not _missing, f"tasks without a solution: {_missing}"